Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. Agricultural extension services and gender equality an institutional analysis of four districts in ethiopia marc j. This paper examines the participation of farmers in the participatory demonstration and training extension system and looks into the principal barriers to the. Review on role and challenges of agricultural extension service on farm productivity in ethiopia int. Theories and models of agricultural development udemezue jc1 and osegbue eg2 1 staff of national root crops research institute, nigeria 2department of agricultural economics and extension, chukwuemeka odumegwu ojukwu university, nigeria submission. Agricultural research started with the establishment of the ambo and jimma colleges of agriculture in 1947 and the imperial college of agriculture and mechanical arts todays alemaya university in 1953. Realizing the importance of agricultural research in economic development the ethiopian government established the institute of agricultural research iar in 1966 as a semi. It is the oldest institutions and the first agricultural high school offering general education with major emphasis on agriculture. However, the guidelines and manuals dedicated to cover specific topics such as swc, agronomy, soil management, forestry. In this approach, the aim is to transfer full package of agricultural technologies. The use and abuse of the model farmerapproach in agricultural. As part of the current fiveyear 20062011 plan for accelerated and sustained development to end poverty pasdep, the government is continuing to invest heavily in agriculture.
Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation 1 caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure making it. Group extension for tree and coffee seedlings in ethiopia, rainwater harvesting in kenya, 14 a multipurpose womens group in kenya, 15 agricultural extension in zambia, 16 community laboursharing groups in kenya, 17. Gender, agricultural development and food security in. The sasakawa global 2000 sg 2000 extension strategy was initiated in ethiopia in 1993 by the sasakawa africa association and global 2000 of the carter centre with the objective to assist ethiopia s efforts to increase agricultural production through an aggressive technology transfer program that disseminated improved production technologies to smallscale farmers through the extension service by invigorate the linkages between research and extension. Ict related agricultural extension system is the solely choice for dissemination of agricultural knowledge and information. The establishment of the land grant college at haramaya the then alemaya college of agriculture and mechanical arts, agricultural technical schools ambo and jimma as well as area development projects such as ardu, wadu and cadu, and the regular extension activities under the ministry of agriculture are the main developments in the history of agricultural extension in ethiopia. Despite this potential however, ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped.
A core part of the governments investment in agriculture is the public agricultural extension system. Agricultural extension in ethiopia through a gender. Extensions services were first introduced in the 1950s. Ethiopia, as one of the countries found in the region, shares the broad characteristics of agriculture in the subsaharan africa region. After several years of interruption, the university, as per the recommendation from the ministry of education of government of ethiopia, and undp, reinstitutionalised the department of rural development and agricultural extension formerly department of agricultural extension in 1994. Due to a range of factors, including drought, which has persistently affected the country since the early 1970s. Agriculture for impact growing opportunities for africas.
Ethiopia food and agricultural import regulations and. Agriculture in ethiopia is the foundation of the countrys economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product gdp, 83. Jun 15, 2018 ethiopia agricultural extension work was started in 1931 with the establishment of the ambo agricultural school. Agricultural extension services is one of institutional support services berhanu et al. Journal of agricultural extension and rural development, 57, 7142. Historical perspectives began in 1931, with the establishment of ambo agricultural school, but not do extension work in the sense of the term that we understand today belay, 2003 limited extension activities began with establishment of ministry of agriculture in 1943. The ranges in climate variability by season and over time framed a sophisticated set of crops, agricultural practices, and local political ecologies.
The institutional capacity to implement these, however, is generally limited. These willbe discussed in relation to the objectives, activities, and organizingagents and clients of each approach. Ethiopia is one of the largest countries in africa both in terms of land area. The thesis builds on recent research, which has highlighted the role of social networks and extension in promoting adaptation to the negative impacts of climate change.
The first comprehensive package chillalo agricultural development unit project was established in the arsi region that was employed the model farmer approach until 1975. Ethiopias achievements in rural development and extension. He was employed by ministry of agriculture in 1977 and worked at various places and capacities in oromia region and federal moard. Pdf historical evolution of agricultural extension. The agricultural extension system in ethiopia zentrum fur. Agricultural extension services is one of institutional support services berhanu et. This article examines the working conditions of extension workers and constraints to the adoption of modern agricultural technologiespractices in south. History of agricultural extension in the world and in africa. Extension services, ethiopia, politics, control, input markets.
National strategy for ethiopias agricultural extension system. Though the overall trend is encouraging, both in terms of overall agricultural production and productivity, the sector suffers from major structural problems. The field of extension now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organized for rural people by educators from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health, and business studies. Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labour pool. They provide an opportunity for group based learning, can stimulate group. Are agricultural extension packages what ethiopian farmers want. Agricultural extension efforts in ethiopia have helped the transformation of productivity and production. Agricultural extension began in ethiopia in the 1950s, and various approaches have been taken over the decades. The agricultural extension system in ethiopia operational setup, challenges and opportunities.
By recognizing this, the government of ethiopia has made great efforts to transform the agricultural sector mainly by strengthening its. Considering such advantage, the agricultural extension system in ethiopia has been frequently restructured and reorganized to fulfill these goals elias and agajie, 2001. Food can be equitably produced and distributed, agricultural systems can become resilient to stresses and shocks, and markets and value chains can provide incomes and reduce risks for smallholders. It is recommended that this report be read with the fairs export certificate report for a comprehensive understanding of the import regulatory requirements and standards. Modernizing national agricultural extension systems.
This paper explores whether decentralization has improved the quality of service delivery and citizen satisfaction with the services provided, focusing on agricultural extension. Without an efficient agricultural sector, a country is severely constrained in its. Agricultural extension services and gender equality. Apart fromtraining students and demonsting the potential effects of. Pdf the role of information communication technology for. Pdf historical evolution of agricultural extension service. Since the 1960s, ethiopia has been inducing changes in its approaches to agricultural extension through reforms. Smallholder farmers perspectives on advisory extension. These packages typically include seeds and commercial fertilizer, credit to buy inputs, soil and water. Despite an average investment close to % of the total expenditure, ethiopian agriculture. Ministry of agriculture sustainable land management.
Agricultural extension for enhancing production and. Ethiopia is the country which has more than 65000 extension personnel. Agricultural extension work in ethiopia began in 1931 with the establishment of the. Relative to other african countries, agricultural research in ethiopia is quite young. Oct 19, 2018 thus, agricultural extension is a major component to facilitate development since it plays a starring role in agricultural and rural development efforts. Ethiopia s highlands and their lowland peripheries offer a distinctive and, in many ways, ideal setting for human habitation and the evolution of agricultural ecologies. Department of rural development and agricultural extension. Evolution of ethiopia agricultural extension service approachaccording to belay, 11 ethiopia agricultural extension work was started in 1931 with the establishment of the ambo agricultural school.
You will find out about theinteresting historical developments in extension approaches in thelinked recommended reading materials. The pif provides a strategic framework for the prioritization and planning of investments that will drive ethiopia s agricultural growth and development. The national development policies of ethiopia economics essay. Agricultural extension services in effect, agricultural extension services are what tie improved seed, chemical fertilizers, and credit together for the ethiopian smallholder. This study was conducted to assess the major strengths and limitations of agricultural extension activities in the. The agricultural extension programme the largest and fastest growing in the continent has been central to this strategy, and the unparalleled. The political economy of agricultural extension policy in.
Agricultural extension services and gender equality ifpri. Ten year road map 20102020 1 dated august 5 th 2010. Agricultural development can be done successfully, at scale, and in a sustainable, productive, equitable and resilient way. Introduction eightythree percent of the population depends directly on agriculture for their livelihoods, while many others depend on agriculture related cottage industries such as textiles. The agricultural sectorand institutions that support it, such as extension is thus key to poverty reduction in ethiopia. Agricultural extension service in ethiopia extension service started in ethiopia since 1953 and has passed through a number of stages land grant extension system associated with the then alemaya college of agriculture and mechanical arts 19541963 moa was established in 1963 and the mandate of extension service provision. Ethiopia has undertaken two rounds of decentralization, making first the regional states and then the district governments responsible for providing key public services. Under ethiopias current agriculture developmentled industrialization adli strategy, the extension system remains a critical tool. Ministry of agriculture sustainable land management program.
The political economy of agricultural extension policy in ethiopia. In the agricultural sector, ethiopia has a comprehensive and consistent set of policies and strategies, which reflects the importance of the sector in the nations development aspirations. The extension system in ethiopia, the participatory demonstration and training extension system padetes, is mainly financed and provided by the public sector, and has emphasized the development and distribution of standard packages to farmers. Ethiopia has developed different agricultural extension guidelines and manuals that guide the implementation of natural resources management and agricultural practices. The contents of this document are derived mainly from ethiopia s agriculture sector policy and investment framework.
Agricultural extension and its effects on farm productivity. The mandate iecama at that time was teaching, research and extension. The history of economic development shows that few countries have achieved sustained economic growth without first, or simultaneously, developing their agricultural sector. Food can be equitably produced and distributed, agricultural systems can become resilient to stresses and shocks, and markets and value chains can. In line with this, several attempts have been made to improve the effectiveness of agricultural research at both the.
Free instant horticulture outlines of dimensions of agriculture extension education and extension principles, philosophy processes and objectives of extension rural development developmental programmes of preindependence era development programmes of post independence era community development. In most developing countries, agriculture is the most important economic activity providing income, employment, and foreign exchange. Institutional and technical challenges of agricultural. This paper begins with a brief overview of efforts to promote improved seed, chemical fertilizers, extension services, and other modern agricultural inputs and services in ethiopia. Contributions and challenges in research and extension. It has contributed for reduction of poverty and for the development of the economic and human capitals of the country. The political economy of agricultural extension in ethiopia gov. Beginning in 1992 with the maputo declaration, the government of.
Assessment of effectiveness of extension program in haraghe highlands. The thesis builds on recent research, which has highlighted the role of social networks and extension in promoting adaptation to the negative impacts of. Agricultural research in ethiopia began in jimma and ambo in 1952 and was extended to the then college of agriculture at alemaya in 1957 and later in 1965 included debre zeit. Sustainable agricultural practices and agricultural. The state of agricultural extension services in ethiopia and their. The state of agricultural extension services in ethiopia and their contribution to agricultural productivity. This paper was produced as par t of the fac political. In addition to its presumed economic ramifications, the. History of agriculture in ethiopia oxford research. Cohen and mamusha lemma development strategy and governance division, international food policy research institute ifpriaddis ababa p. The role of extension services in climate change adaption in limpopo province, south africa. Smallholder agriculture forms the backbone of the ethiopian economy, supporting about 85% of the countrys population.
Since the 1980s, ethiopia s extension system has followed a training and visit system. Agricultural extension has been emphasized by development experts as crucial in achieving agricultural development, poverty reduction, and food security. The case of participatory demonstration and training extension system january 2003 journal of social development in africa 181. Ethiopia s agricultural sector has reported considerable growth rates over the past decade as the result of an estimated doubling in the use of modern farm inputs, rapid expansion of arable land, increased labor productivity, government investments in the extension system and an improved road network.
Dimensions of agriculture extension pdf book agrimoon. Farmer participatory research in southern ethiopia 1. They provide an opportunity for group based learning, can stimulate group development and cooperation between farmer s, and are a costeffective means of delivering extension messages. Indepth assessment of the public agricultural extension.
In ethiopia a range of extension approaches have been used. The impact of strengthening agricultural extension services. Pdf the ethiopian agricultural extension system and its role as a. The case of participatory demonstrations and training extension system. Pertinent information on applicable laws, directives, guidelines, procedures, and key regulatory contact details is included. Country programming framework for ethiopia 2016 2020.
Dec 10, 20 agriculture in ethiopia has experienced steady growth since 2004. Review on role and challenges of agricultural extension. Ministry of agriculture and rural development, he joined haramaya university as a midcareer student and graduated in agricultural extension in 2003. At the same time, recent agriculture diagnostic studies reveal that ethiopia must transform its approaches to agriculture for current positive trends to continue. Agricultural extension work in ethiopia began in 1931 with the establishment of the ambo agricultural school which is one of the oldest agricultural institutions inethiopia and the first agricultural high schoolofferinggeneral education withamajor emphasis on agriculture. Data collected from 85 extension workers form the empirical basis for the study. Agriculture and comprised research and extension, subsidies for a wide range of functions such as soil conservation works, boreholes, housing for farm workers, farm schools, fencing, disaster assistance etc. The government of ethiopia has also developed an agriculture sector policy and investment framework pif for the period 2010 2020. The ethiopian extension system uses ftcsbased agricultural extension approach, coupled with farmer groups such as oneinfive and development units which are considered to be an entry point for the grassroots extension services and for the bottom up extension approach.
Pdf this paper examines the participation of farmers in the participatory demonstration and training extension system and looks into the. Historical evolution of agricultural extension service. Seed, fertilizer, and agricultural extension in ethiopia. Sep 12, 2014 this article argues that, in ethiopia, the aim to transform the performance of smallholder agricultural production is driven by the twin imperatives of economic growth and political control.
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